Social Psychologist Career Overview

Social Psychologist Career Overview Student Resources Careers Print Career and Training of Social Psychologists By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 23, 2019 Andy Ryan/Stone/Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Social psychologists study how social influence, social perception, and social interaction influence individual and group behavior. Learn more about what social psychologists do, the training and educational requirements and the job outlook in this brief overview of careers in social psychology. What They Do Some social psychologists focus on conducting research on human behavior. These professionals might work in a university setting or they might be employed by businesses or government agencies. Other social psychologists are interested in discovering solutions to real-world problems. Applied social psychologists might help businesses hire and train employees, evaluate educational programs to determine if intervention strategies are working, search for ways to encourage people to reduce pollution or offer advice to businesses or employees who need help with conflict mediation. Social psychologists examine peoples interactions with others and with the social environment, explains the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Outlook Handbook. They work in organizational consultation, marketing research, systems design or other applied psychology fields. Many social psychologists specialize in a niche area, such as group behavior, leadership, attitudes, and perception. Work Environment Because social psychologists are trained to combine their knowledge of human behavior with scientific research methods, job options and work settings can be very diverse. Many social psychologists choose to work in educational environments such as colleges and universities where they conduct research, teach classes and run social psychology laboratories. Other social psychologists work for government offices, non-profit organizations, hospitals, social service offices, and private corporations. Salary According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, typical salaries for psychologists vary based on education, experience, specialty area, and work setting. For example, a survey conducted by the American Psychological Association reported the following median salaries for different employment areas for the year 2009: University faculty: $76,090Research positions: $80,500Research administration: $116,343Educational administration: $116,500 Education and Training While some social psychologists find work with a masters degree, most opt to earn a doctorate degree. In most cases, students interested in becoming a social psychologist should start by earning an undergraduate degree in psychology. The next step is to enroll in a graduate program in social psychology. Some programs follow a two-step process by first awarding a masters degree in social psychology and then a doctorate, but other programs may skip the terminal ?masters degree and go straight to the Ph.D. For most students, it will take at least four to five years of graduate study in order to earn a Ph.D. in Social Psychology.? How Social Psychologists Differ From Personality Psychologists While social psychology shares some similarities with personality psychology, there are important differences that distinguish the two areas. Personality psychologists generally focus on individual differences between people, while social psychologists are more interested in how situational variables influence the behaviors of groups and individuals. Social psychology is sometimes confused with sociology, but the two (while somewhat related) are not the same. Social psychologists tend to focus on the behavior of individual people or small groups of people  while sociologists look at very large populations such as entire social groups or cultures as a whole. Job Outlook One survey that looked at job advertisements appearing in the APS Observer Employment Bulletin between 1991-1996 found ads seeking social psychologists made up 10 percent of all job listings for that time period. However, it is important to remember that social psychologists work in a wide variety of job areas, so individuals with a Ph.D. in social psychology are frequently able to find work in related areas. Social psychologists who are looking for work can start by checking out job listings posted by the American Psychological Association on their PsycCareers website  or reviewing the job postings on the Social Psychology Network’s job forum. For more information on psychology careers and which might be the best fit for you, take our psychology careers quiz.

Hire Purchase Evolution Of Credit Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2333 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Business has evolved since the ancient times from barter, business, commercial venture, general manufacturing to specialized manufacturing today. Initially, only the seller and buyer were parties to a business transaction. The title to the asset is given by bill or invoice. Bill is used for consumables or low value assets that are usually purchased in cash. Invoice is used to specify durables or high value assets that are purchased on credit. Sales can be in either cash or credit. The two tasks for the seller are to sell and to monitor credit. Credit/ loan were evolved to bridge the gap between the purchasing power and demand. Over time credit organizations differentiated into sales and finance organizations. Today, three parties are involved in business transactions: seller, buyer and financier. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hire Purchase Evolution Of Credit Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Advantages of credit Higher purchasing power Working capital is retained, increasing liquidity levels in the business Tax shield on interest expense Credit sales can be differentiated into Loan/Hypothecation Hire Purchase Leasing HISTORY OF HIRE PURCHASE Hire purchase originated in England and is now unique to former British colonies. The financier purchases the asset and lets it on hire to the user. The user exercises an option to purchase the asset at the end of the contract after paying all the dues. HP is a transaction in which the purchaser of goods pays an initial deposit and takes possession. Subsequent installments are made over a specified time after which ownership passes to the purchaser. The parties to the contract are Owner (financier) and Hirer (purchaser / user). The installments are called Hire Money. If there is a default in the payment of any installment, the financier retains the right to repossess the asset from the purchaser without any refund. Sundaram Finance is one of the first hire purchase companies in India. In fact, they were instrumental in the creation of the Hire Purchase Act of 1972. ELEMENTS OF HIRE PURCHASE AGREEMENT To be a valid hire purchase agreement, the following elements must be clearly specified in writing and signed by the hirer as well as the financier: Identifying attributes of the asset, such as chassis number, engine number etc. Cash price of the goods i.e. price at which the goods may be purchased Hire purchase price, which is the amount payable by the hirer under the agreement Down payment or initial hire payable by the hirer Number, amount and date of each installment payable by the hirer Date of commencement of hire purchase agreement Rate of interest charged by financier COMPARISON OF LOAN, HIRE PURCHASE AND LEASE Table 2.1 Comparison of Loan, Hire Purchase and Lease Criteria Hypothecation Hire Purchase Lease Sale of asset Sold to borrower, hypothecated to financier Sold to financier, financier hires to buyer (hirer) Sold to financier (lessor), financier leases to lessee Initial payment Margin money Initial hire Lease deposit Ownership Title is with borrower from the beginning At the end of the contract, title transfer to buyer is done Title remains with lessor throughout the life of the asset Cash flow to seller Loan value of the asset is paid by financier, balance amount by borrower 100% of asset cost is paid by financier 100% of asset cost is paid by lessor In case of default Money is the consideration Court intervention is necessary POA* is obtained to bypass court intervention Asset can be taken away by financier Court intervention is not necessary since the financier is the owner of the asset Asset can be taken away by lessee Court intervention is not necessary since the lessee is the owner of the asset *- POA is Power of Attorney. The lender/financier reserves the right to repossess the asset without court intervention, to save time and resources. PROCESS OF A HIRE PURCHASE TRANSACTION Eligibility to avail hire purchase The field officers approach a prospective client and explain the terms of the hire purchase deal. Generally, assets with a high rate of depreciation are financed through hire purchase. The following entities can avail finance: Persons of contractual capacity i.e. of age greater than 18 years (as verified by birth certificate), sound mind Partnership firms Proprietary organizations Companies Public limited companies Quasi- Governments Governments POA holders Natural Guardians Under Hindu Law, the partys father is preferred as natural guardian. Only by way of practice/ convenience the mother is accepted as guardian. Under Christian Law, either father or mother can be accepted as guardian. Under Muslim Law, there is no guardianship. Further, ladies behind purdah cannot be signatories to a hire-purchase agreement. Proposal Analysis Before entering into a contract with an applicant for a hire-purchase financing, field investigation is a must. The following aspects of a client are verified through field analysis: Place of residence (applicant should have resided in the place for a minimum of 2 years) Standard of life Character of applicant (determining willingness to pay) Income details Source of income Property owned by applicant Expenses Credit rating of the individual This is a strictly subjective judgment performed by the branch office and sent to the head office for verification. At Sundaram Finance, the applicants income and monthly commitment alone are considered. In case of salaried professionals, latest salary slip and annual tax returns or Form 16 have to be submitted. This is used to determine the gross salary, from which statutory deductions and total borrowings are reduced, arriving at net salary. This is the basis for capacity determination. In case of businesspeople, the companys balance sheet and PL account are scrutinized to determine the cash profit i.e. net profit after tax plus depreciation from PL account. Net annual income should be equal to or greater than twice the annual commitment of the contract. This is called cash flow cover. Amount Commitment is the sum of all the Equal Monthly Installments paid in a year i.e. [EMI] x 12. Calculation of EMI The total amount repayable is the sum of the principal (cost price of the asset) and interest (cost of funds). EMI = Amount repayable / Number of installments The interest component is given by Interest = Principal * Flat rate of interest * Number of years Flat Rate of Interest Simple Rate of Interest This is generally used for computing the EMI manually, easily and easy understanding of a monthly commitment. This rate of interest is used for the purpose of accounting and banking. The EMI is initially fixed and the hirer has to pay this fixed amount for all the installments. The EMI charges payable by the consumers vary for every installment when calculated using simple rate of interest and hence it is confusing. The amount contributed towards the interest and principle varies with installments. Interest amount is calculated for every month with respect to the principal remaining. At Sundaram Finance, hire purchase contracts normally exist for a period of between 12 months and 60 months, in multiples of 6 months. Operations The asset is purchased according to the hirers specifications. The engine number and chassis number specified in the invoice are noted in the contract. These details should be identical in the RC book, contract and invoice for the agreement to be legal. The date of the agreement and the invoice should be identical in a hire purchase contract, since the asset comes into existence on that date. However, this is not mandatory in hypothecation. The following documents are collected to process a hire purchase application: 1. Income proof Salary slip Form 16 Latest IT return PL A/C, balance sheet (audited) 2. Identity proof Passport Photo credit card Pan card Driving license Voter id Ration card Partnership deed Trust deed Certificate of incorporation 3. Location proof Ration card Telephone bill House tax challan Driving license Electricity bill 4. Asset proof House tax challan Copy of sale deed Wealth tax assessment Housing cooperation society bill 5. Signature verification Passport Photo credit card Pan card Driving license Voter ID card Signature verification from bank 6. Bank statement 7. Photograph Serving debt In hire purchase, debt need not be served in full. The buyer or renter is free to return the asset at any period in the agreement, and no further installments need to be paid. This is why 100% financing is never performed in a hire purchase transaction. At Sundaram Finance, the dates of payment are fixed as 3rd, 10th, 17th and 22nd of every month. Post dated cheques are collected. In event of default Default or non-payment of installments is defined as For car 2 months lapse in payment. For commercial vehicle 90 days lapse in payment. The following procedure is followed by the financier for repossession of asset in the event of payment default: Figure 2.1 Procedure to deal with payment default Contract termination At the end of the hire purchase contract Re. 1 is collected as option money to terminate the contract. Form 35 is issued. Financier endorses the RC book with no dues enabling title transfer to the hirer / purchaser. In a hypothecation, Form 35 is issued to terminate the contract. OTHER ASPECTS PERTAINING TO HIRE PURCHASE Motor Vehicles Act Any vehicle plying on a public road must be registered. Form 20 application to register a new vehicle Form 34 to register a new vehicle Form 29 30 transfer of ownership (If there is an endorsement in the RC book by a financier, title cannot be transferred unless a NOC No Objection Certificate is gained.) Form 35 termination or extension of contract Insurance Insurance can be defined as a lot of people sharing the burden of one deprived man. Motor Vehicle insurance does not specify a limit on the value of claims that can be made. It can be differentiated into comprehensive and third-party insurance. Third-party insurance merely compensates damages caused to third party by the actions of the vehicle user provided valid drivers license is present. Any vehicle plying on the road must have third party insurance. Comprehensive insurance also compensates for damage to the vehicle and owner, in addition to third party damage. Any vehicle under finance must compulsorily have comprehensive insurance. Insurance does not cover war war-like activities, nuclear reactions and acts of terrorism. CREDIT POLICY Credit policy aids the financier in preparing the terms of a hire purchase contract. It is merely a guideline for conducting the business. At Sundaram Finance the first written credit policy was established in 2000 when the volume of business crossed Rs. 2 crore. It is now reviewed every year, and is subject to change based on economic and other market conditions. Credit policy has an effect on three main variables: Percentage of funding Repayment period Interest rate Percentage of funding In hire purchase, 100% of asset value is never financed. The loan to value ratio varies according to the type of asset and the credit risk. The ratio is always calculated on the ex-invoice price less discount. Loan to Value ratio, or LTV, can increase if market expands or delinquencies decrease. Higher LTV means that a higher portion of the asset price is funded by the financier, with lesser initial hire amount. This is fixed according to the company policy and reviewed periodically. Interest rate The interest rate is inclusive of the internal return rate or profit margin for the financier. This is variable based on Return on Investment RBI regulations Economic reforms Market conditions Presently, the IRR cannot vary during the term of a contract. It has to be fixed at the time of drawing up the contract. Repayment Period This is almost always constant for a given type of asset and class of customer, owing to the depreciation of asset with time. ASSETS FINANCED THROUGH HIRE PURCHASE Sundaram Finance extends finance through hire purchase for Cars Commercial vehicles Cars are an expense, while commercial vehicles are an income generating asset. For financing a car, past income is considered, while for commercial vehicle, predicted future income flows are considered. Presently the market share of Sundaram Finance in hire purchase finance of cars is about 7 16%, with up to 24% in some pockets such as Vellore district. Credit Classification of Cars Table 2.2 Classification of Cars CLASSIFICATION NAME VALUE OF ASSET (in Rs. lakhs) A Small Car 3-4 B Medium Car 4-7.5 C Large Car 7.5-15 D Luxury Car 15 Table 2.3 LTV Funded for Cars and Jeeps SALARIED BUSINESS Small 90% 85% Medium 85% 85% luxury 80% 75% Repayment period for A B class cars, for salaried class, is 60 months. For others, it is 48 months. In the event of gifting a car acquired through hire purchase, third party guarantee with evidence must be present. Credit Classification of Commercial Vehicle Any vehicle that runs on the road for remuneration is a Commercial Vehicle. They can be classified as load carrying or passenger carrying vehicles stage carriage or contract carriage vehicles LCV, MCV, HCV or multi-axle vehicles Stage carriage is on a fixed route, with fixed timings and fixed fare. Ex. Public buses. Contract carriage is where every aspect route, timings and fare is customized according to individual customer needs. Ex. Autorickshaw. Table 2.4 Classification of Commercial Vehicles ABBREVIATION CLASSIFICATION GROSS LOAD WEIGHT (in tons) LCV Light Commercial Vehicle 5 MCV Medium Commercial Vehicle 5-10 HCV Heavy Commercial Vehicle 10-15 Multi Axle Vehicle 15 Table 2.5 LTV Funded for Commercial Vehicles TRUCK BUS LCV Experience (in years) 3 3 3 Tenure (in months) 48 48 36 LTV of total chassis cost 95% 90% 85% LTV of total body cost 90% 90% 85% Repayment period for LCVs alone is 36 months as they depreciate faster and earn less revenue. For other classes the period is 60 months. For used commercial vehicles, the following are the credit norms applicable at Sundaram Finance: Table 2.6 Credit Policy for Hire Purchase Finance of Used Commercial Vehicles CREDIT POLICY NEW CUSTOMER EXISTING CUSTOMER Age of vehicle at closure of contract = 8 years = 8 years Maximum tenure (in months) 36 36 LTV (on basis of market value) 60% 60% Paper cash cover (times net income) 1.5 1.5 Assessed cash cover (times net income) 2.0 2.0 Exposure limit (in Rs. Lakhs) 10 10(if not fixed by HO/RO) Age (in years) at the closure of contract 65 65 Years in business 2 2 Years in location 3 3 Eligibility criteria Should own one free and road-worthy vehicle Previous closed contract to be not greater than 12 months ago

The Black Freedom Struggle Of The 1960s - 1664 Words

This year marks the fiftieth anniversary of many of the most significant events of the Black Freedom Struggle of the 1960s. Two years ago, we celebrated the March on Washington; last year we recognized the 1964 Civil Rights Act that ended Jim Crow apartheid in the South. This year, we have already seen commemorations of the anniversary of the Voting Rights Act, and summer’s end will see the fiftieth anniversary of the Watts Rebellion in Los Angeles. Yet, looking on the TV, radio, newspapers or social media, it’s easy to forget what decade we’re currently in. The recent cover of TIME Magazine illustrated beautifully the juxtaposition between where people think we are in the context of social and racial equality, and where most positions actually stand. The cover portrays a grainy, black and white photo of a young black man running down the street, face covered with a bandana, away from a mob of police officers with shields, weapons and pepper spray billowing out from their canisters. â€Å"America, 1968 2015,† it reads. That simple text neatly summed up an entire city’s (and race’s) frustrations, riots, and outcries in one neat package. The sad reality is that the majority of the white population in the United States would like to watch movies like Selma or 12 Years a Slave and be appalled at the treatment of Africans at the time, and convince themselves that because they don’t support legal slavery and segregation, they are suddenly no longer racist. That, however, is clearlyShow MoreRelatedThe African American Struggle for Civil Rights in the 1960s760 Words   |  3 PagesAfrican American struggle for civil rights in the United States change between the early and late 1960s? 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Wireless Communication Data Eencryption Methods of WiMax

Question: Discuss about the Wireless Communication for Data Eencryption Methods of WiMax. Answer: Introduction The report has shown the data encryption methods of WiMax and compared them for forming an overview about their system. The report has a second part where the security issues of the WPAN have been analyzed. The overall report has shown the importance of the wireless communication and networking for daily activities. Compare and Contrast Data Encryption Standard of WiMax WiMax (Wireless Interoperability Multiple Access) is a standard for wireless access (802.16) and it is used for developing a network of wireless access among two end points (Desai, 2013). The security protocols of WiMax are PKMv2, EAP, and AES. These above stated protocols of WiMax have helped in forming data security and encryption. Explaining the PKMv2 security protocol PKMv2 or privacy key management protocol version 2 is used for encryption and authorization exchange of crypto keys (Sridevi Rajaram, 2012). The crypto keys help in the process of multicasting and broadcasting of the data traffic. It has been created for overcoming the short comings of the first version of PKM and it uses the standard of both RSA and EAP for security and encryption of data. Figure 1: PKMv2 Protocols (Source: Sridevi Rajaram, 2012, pp-71) The key generated for authentication of the operation is more precise as two standard principles have been used for forming the key (Desai, 2013). The mobile station can be authenticated for the wireless activities and operations by the base station using the crypto keys of mutual authorization. Replay attacks are being dealt by using Nonce. Explaining the EAP security protocol EAP is acronym for Extensible Authentication Protocol and it has primary function of user authentication and device security (Pawlowski, Jara Ogorzalek, 2014). It is used for point to point protocol formation and the process of multiple authentications has been enabled for use by the EAP protocol. Smart cards, password or passphrases, certificates, and authentication using public key are all being used sue to the implementation of EAP. EAP can be mixed with new security features easily and according to the new security feature mixed with EAP, the protocol has been named as EAP-TTLS, EAP-MD5, and EAP-TLS (Kalra Kiran, 2015). The pre-negotiation for the authentication is not needed and the identity request can be sent initially with other queries and request. Figure 2: EAP protocol authentication process (Source: Pawlowski, Jara Ogorzalek, 2014, pp-344) Explaining the AES security protocol AES or Advanced Encryption Standard is the most advanced form of network security and the data is transmitted over the cloud network (Wadi Zainal, 2013). The security protocol has helped in securing the air traffic by data encryption. The keys for the security encryption can be of various sizes and block such as 128, 192 or 256. The AES process has been based on the process of permutation and substitution. AES uses bytes for operations and specific outputs (Kalra Kiran, 2015). Encryption is done in AES by following four processes in sequence and decryption is done by doing the same processes in reverse sequence. Figure 3: AES algorithm overall structure (Source: Wadi Zainal, 2013, pp-414) Security challenges of WPAN technologies WPAN (wireless personal area network) is limited for communicating and data exchange among portable devices like PCs, PDAs, printers, pagers, and mobile phones (Amiri et al., 2013). The devices are inbuilt with two radio surfaces among which one is utilized for cellular network and the other for PAN connection. Bluetooth and ZigBee are the two WPAN technologies whose security challenges are discussed below. Security Challenges of Bluetooth (802.15.1) The security challenges of the Bluetooth WPAN are Inferior Security protocols and Denial of Service attack. Inferior Security protocols: The Bluetooth radio control can be easily misused, as it has higher vulnerabilities for impersonating and eavesdropping (Minar Tarique, 2012). The person in the middle attack can be used for attacking the devices and extracting the information from the device. It would be easily possible as the security of the Bluetooth device is less secured. The attacker of man in the middle sets up two point to point connections for negotiation of the radio frequencies of Bluetooth radio. The inferior security protocols would result in easy damaging and performing of the illicit queries. Denial of Service: The Bluetooth devices are prone to the denial of service attack. The DoS attack would be highly possible for the Bluetooth radio frequency due to the ease of accessing the device facility (Minar Tarique, 2012). DoS occur when the device is sent multiple queries for processing using fake server. It would cease the processing of user generated queries for the devices. The infiltration of the security measures would result in data theft and impersonation of the authentic users. Security challenges of ZigBee (802.15.4) The security challenges of ZigBee WPAN are Key Attacks and Injection and replay attacks. Physical attacks: The devices can be disrupted by the gaining physical access to the devices. The security of the Zigbee devices can be easily bypassed manually. Altering with the hardware and software appliances of ZigBee is easy with the gain of physical access to the device. Hence physical access is the main reason behind the attack on the security of ZigBee devices. Injection and replay attacks: The key based attacks on the ZigBee after mixing with the replay packet attack and injection attack have affect on the activities of the radio devices (Vidgren, 2013). It would result in unauthorized and unauthenticated actions of the devices. The light designs of the ZigBee would result in the interception of the data packets for the targeted networks. The ZigBee devices could be tampered without contacting the physical access to the system. Key Attacks: The keys used for connecting the two devices can be easily decrypted because of low security structure (Vidgren, 2013). The combination of hardware and software applications would result in doing the illicit operations from the devices. The device would not be required to be in physical access for performing the key attacks. The pre shared keys and OTA processes are used for connecting the devices using systematic methodologies. Conclusion The report has covered the impact of the wireless technologies for the development of the communication system. The WiMax technologies protocols (PKMv2, EAP, and AES) have been compared in the above report. The security challenges of WPAN technologies are Inferior Security protocol, Denial of Service, Injection and replay attacks, and Key Attacks. References Amiri, I. S., Alavi, S. E., Idrus, S. M., Nikoukar, A., Ali, J. (2013). IEEE 802.15. 3c WPAN standard using millimeter optical soliton pulse generated by a panda ring resonator.IEEE Photonics Journal,5(5), 7901912-7901912. Desai, P. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,526,348. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Kalra, M. S., Kiran, M. V. (2015). Research and Analysis of WiMax Communication.traffic,4(9). Minar, N. B. N. I., Tarique, M. (2012). Bluetooth security threats and solutions: a survey.International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems,3(1), 127 Pawlowski, M. P., Jara, A. J., Ogorzalek, M. J. (2014, July) Extending Extensible Authentication Protocol over IEEE 802.15. 4 Networks InIMIS(pp. 340-345). Sridevi, B., Rajaram, S. (2012). PKMv2EAP authentication cost reduction of mobile WiMAX network entry process by the proposed key caching mechanisms.International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation,4(2), 65-75. Vidgren, N., Haataja, K., Patino-Andres, J. L., Ramirez-Sanchis, J. J., Toivanen, P. (2013, January). Security threats in ZigBee-enabled systems: vulnerability evaluation, practical experiments, countermeasures, and lessons learned. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 5132-5138). IEEE. Wadi, S., Zainal, N. (2013). A low cost implementation of modified advanced encryption standard algorithm using 8085A microprocessor.Journal of Engineering Science and Technology,8(4), 406-415.

Kate Chopin And Awakening Essays - Classical Music, Literature

Kate Chopin And Awakening A Style of her Own Kate Chopin uses symbolism and realism to enhance her theme of social conflict in the lives of women during the nineteenth century. These conflicts seemed to travel from one woman to the next, unnoticed by the rest of society. Chopin used these conflicts as a basis for all of her short stories and novels. This inevitably started turmoil about issues that never were brought out before. This, in turn, opened the eyes of society to the individuality of women. In The Awakening, by Chopin, a woman named Edna realizes that she is an individual and has individual feelings. She and her family lived at Grand Isle during the summer and her husband, Leonce, goes to the city every week, and is at Grand Isle during the weekend. This allows Edna the freedom to do and think what she pleases. A young man named Robert, lives at Grand Isle during the summer also. He flirts continuously with Edna, and she seems to like this sort of attention. Robert and Edna always went to the waterhole on the hot summer days to cool off. Of course, they would never go when the sun was high in the sky. Then, Robert would walk Edna back to her house and they would talk for hours. Everyone at Grand Isle could see the attractions between Edna and Robert, even Robert. Edna, on the other hand, did not see this attraction immediately. When Robert leaves for the Rio Grande, Edna is left feeling depressed and lonely. She decides that Robert wants nothing more to do with her, since he has written everyone letters of his journey except her. At this time, Edna is now living back in the city on Esplanade Street. Her husband is abroad and her children are visiting family. She is all alone. This allows Edna more freedom to meet new people without her husband right next to her. This was normal for Edna since her husband was often tending to business. During time that Leonce was away, Edna realizes that her life was not how she wanted it to be. While alone Edna "awakens" to the fact that she is an individual and has individual feelings. She also realizes she does not love her husband as she vowed to. At this point Edna knew what she wanted, and it was not marriage to Leonce, but divorce. She then moves out of her house without telling her husband. When she does tell Leonce, he tells everyone that he and Edna were merely remodeling the house and Edna needed a place to stay. He says this because he cannot stop her, being across an ocean. Leonce's lies just go to show that men had more important things to do in life than please their wives. Wives were the bearer of their children and rarely the apple of their husband's eyes. Edna inevitably tells her women ? friends what is really happening; that she is leaving her husband. All of these women tell her of what she is about to do to her life, reputation, and her children. Edna feels that she should come before her husband, but walks a thin line when asked if she puts her children before herself. When Robert returns to see Edna, she is full of excitement. When Robert learns that she lives alone and is away form Leonce, they share a special moment together. It was not accepted, during the nineteenth century, for women to divorce and remarry, Edna felt torn and weak. She does not know what to do with her life. In the end, She walks into the ocean and swims until she can swim no further. It is inferred, in this, that Edna drowns. In Edna's drowning there is a lot of symbolism. Her death shows, in an odd way, the birth of women's freedom of individuality. Her choice was to sacrifice her life because her fight for individuality and freedom had failed. She knew she would never be accepted being the extremist that society would label her as. Yet, now everyday, you see women who have divorced and remarried. Her death was a plea for women to understand their individuality and freedom. In "Desiree's Baby" Chopin uses themes, such as, independence of women and marriage between people of two different races. When Desiree's husband notices that his child has a black tint to him, he feels that she has hidden something from him. Desiree's feelings overcome her and she drowns herself

Definition and Examples of Exclusive We

Definition and Examples of Exclusive 'We' In English grammar, exclusive we is the use of first-person plural pronouns (we, us, our, ours, ourselves) to refer only to the speaker or writer and his or her associates, not to the person(s) addressed. For example, Dont call us; well call you. In contrast to inclusive we, exclusive we does not include the audience or the reader. Often (but not always), exclusive we occurs when the first-person plural is used in the company of a second-person pronoun (you, yours, yourself, yourselves).   The term clusivity was recently coined to denote the phenomenon of inclusive-exclusive distinction (Elena Filimonova, Clusivity, 2005). Examples and Observations: Im especially fond of the inclusive and exclusive we. Thats a distinction between Were going to the movies. Are you ready yet? and Were going to the movies. See you later!- in other words, between being invited to the party and being a third wheel.Its particularly useful when you want to switch back and forth between the two: Im writing to you on behalf of my colleagues. We (exclusive) are wondering if youd be interested in collaborating with us (exclusive). We (inclusive) could accomplish great things together! We (exclusive) hope to hear from you soon about the future of us (inclusive)!(Gretchen McCulloch, Four Features From Other Languages That We Wish English Had. Slate, October 24, 2014)Defenders of Earth: we have come for your natural resources to rebuild our damaged planet. When we have transported all we need, we will leave your world in peace. For such peace to exist, you must immediately exile the Autobot rebels you have harbored. Non-negotiable! Renounce the rebels. We awa it your reply.(Leonard Nimoy as the voice of Sentinel Prime in the movie Transformers: Dark of the Moon, 2011) All we ask is that you make use of these ships. Sail them back to Westeros where you belong, and leave us to conduct our affairs in peace.(George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz in The Bear and the Maiden Fair. Game of Thrones, 2013 Khrushchev: Many things youve shown us are interesting, but they are not needed in life. They have no useful purpose. They are merely gadgets. We have a saying: if you have bedbugs you have to catch one and pour boiling water into the ear.Nixon: We have another saying. This is, that the way to kill a fly is to make it drink whiskey. But we have better use for whiskey.(Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and American president Richard Nixon in the Kitchen Debate, July 24, 1959. Richard Nixon: Speeches, Writings, Documents, ed. by Rick Perlstein. Princeton University Press, 2008Well, all along, I guess, I thought we didnt have much of a life. You know, I felt wewell, not you, but the rest of uswere rejects. In fact, they actually had me believing that I was totally undeserving, and I was supposed to be missing out on even the basics.(Sky Lee, Bellydancer. Raincoast Books, 2002 For the present, let us return to the experiment with the opium. We have decided that you leave off the habit of smoking from this moment.(Wilkie Collins, The Moonstone, 1868You heard Santos-Dumont talking about going to St. Louis and winning a prize? Im damned if he will, not while weve got time to build an airship of our own.What do you mean we?Why Fitz, you dont think wed leave you out? Were letting you in on the ground floor as our first investor, and youll get your share of the prize money in St. Louis.(Walter J. Boyne, Dawn Over Kitty Hawk: The Novel of the Wright Brothers. Forge, 2003) The Top-Down Approach - Exclusive we . . . excludes the reader since it suggests an us-them relationship. Its use may make a text appear authoritarian as it underlines opinions of or actions undertaken by a group external to the addressee.(Anne Barron, Public Information Messages. John Benjamins, 2012)- The exclusive we implicitly sets up a hierarchical power relation and points to the top-down approach in instituting change.(Aaron Koh, Tactical Globalization. Peter Lang, 2010) Combinations of Inclusive We and Exclusive We Biber et al. (1999: 329) assert that the meaning of the first person plural pronoun [we] is often vague: we usually refers to the speaker/writer and the addressee (inclusive we), or to the speaker/writer and some other person or persons associated with him/her (exclusive we). The intended reference can even vary in the same context. Inclusive and exclusive we can be used to create a perspective of: I the speaker you the addressee(s) in the immediate context (inclusive we) and I the speaker someone else not in the immediate context (exclusive we). . . . Understanding speaker identity is crucial to understanding context . . .. (Elaine Vaughan and Brian Clancy, Small Corpora and Pragmatics. Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2013: New Domains and Methodologies, ed. by Jesà ºs Romero-Trillo. Springer, 2013) Grammatical Features Associated With Inclusive We and Exclusive We [A]lthough the distinction between an inclusive/exclusive  we is not morphologically marked in English, Scheibmanns (2004) analysis of conversational utterances in the first person plural has shown that different referential values of we may be signaled by the differential employment of other formal features of the utterance. More specifically, an inclusive interpretation of we was found to favor employment of present tense and modal verbs, while exclusive interpretations of we appear more frequently with past tense and fewer modal verbs. (Theodossia-Soula Pavlidou, Constructing Collectivity With We: An Introduction. Constructing Collectivity: We Across Languages and Contexts, ed. by Theodossia-Soula Pavlidou. John Benjamins, 2014) Read More Discourse Analysis Editorial  We,  Inclusive  We, and  Royal  We First-Person Point of View  and  First-Person Pronouns PragmaticsSociolinguistics

Why Water Is More Dense Than Ice

Why Water Is More Dense Than Ice Water is unusual in that its maximum density occurs as a liquid, rather than as a solid. This means ice floats on water. Density is the mass per unit volume of a material. For all substances, density changes with temperature. The mass of material does not change, but the volume or space that it occupies either increases or decreases with temperature. The vibration of molecules increases as temperature rises and they absorb more energy. For most substances, this increases the space between molecules, making warmer liquids less dense than cooler solids. Its All About Hydrogen Bonds However, this effect is offset in water by hydrogen bonding. In liquid water, hydrogen bonds connect each water  molecule to approximately 3.4 other water molecules. When water freezes into ice, it crystallizes into a rigid lattice that increases the space between molecules, with each  molecule hydrogen bonded to 4 other molecules.